paula

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**Grammar **
====The role of English within the complex multilingual society of India is far from straightforward: it is used across the country, but it may be a speaker's first, second, or third language, and the grammar and phraseology may mimic that of the speaker's Indian language. ==== ==== While Indian speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland, often literal translations of words and phrases from their native languages, only standard British English is considered grammatically correct. In this context, the aim of reaching a large cross-section of society is fulfilled by such double-coding. Many words borrowed from Indian languages find their way into the ostensibly-English media. ====

**Phonology**
Indian English (IE) is best identified through its phonological features yet, paradoxically, the variation in the phonology is widespread. There is a standard variety of IE both in terms of phonology and syntax. It is essential, however, to maintain a distination between the grammar and accent. This chapter will deal with the standard accent and touch upon variationas well. Accent in Indian speech is marked by regional variation. Standard accent is usually devoid of regional markers but it is still identifiable as Indian by virtue of some pan-Indian features. There is also an intermediate accent that is more Indian than the standard, as a consequence of the extent to which the regional features appear in it.

**lexis **
====Lexis of Indian Engilish has been studied to some extent by scholars.Since early times, words that have gone from India to native varieties of English have been of scholarly and general interest. When compared to syntax, the insistence on the use of the standard form is less pressing for lexis. There are definitely words that are considered to be standard and others non-standard, while some are considered to be informal. These are discussed in this chapter. Discourse, as may be expected, draws from features of Indian languages. ====

**Geography**
India the seventh largest country in the world, is well marked with off from the rest of Asia by mountains and the sea, which gives the country a distinct geographical entity.It covers an area of 32,87,2631 sq.km. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere the mainland extends measures 3214 km from north south between extreme latitudes and about 2933 km from east to west between extreme longitudes.It has a land frontier of about 15200 km.

**Background**

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C. their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.

**people**
**Population**: 1,080,264,388 (July 2005 est.) **Age structure**: 0-14 years: 31.2% (male 173,634,432/female 163,932,475) 15-64 years: 63.9% (male 356,932,082/female 333,283,590) 65 years and over: 4.9% (male 26,542,025/female 25,939,784) (2005 est.) **Median age**: total: 24.66 years male: 24.64 years female: 24.67 years (2005 est.) **Population growth rate**: 1.4% (2005 est.) **Death rate**: 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) **Net migration rate**: -0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) **Sex ratio**: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.) **Infant mortality rate**: total: 56.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 56.86 deaths/1,000 live births female: 55.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) **Life expectancy at birth**: total population: 64.35 years male: 63.57 years female: 65.16 years (2005 est.) **Total fertility rate**: 2.78 children born/woman (2005 est.) **HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate**: 0.9% (2001 est.) **HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS**: 5.1 million (2001 est.) **HIV/AIDS - deaths**: 310,000 (2001 est.) **Nationality**: noun: Indian(s) adjective: Indian **Ethnic groups**: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) **Religions**: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census) **Languages**: English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language **Literacy**: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 59.5% male: 70.2% female: 48.3% (2003 est.)


 * Stereotypes**

=
Many are taking stereotypes to their advantage in media. A few years ago, a low budget movie came out called American Desi. Desi is a slang word for being Indian. It is about American born Indian college students who have a rough time in college when they meet students actually from India. These American raised kids feel embarrassed to be Indian because of the stereotypes they have to face. They are cultured enough to know that they are Indian but don’t have any respect for their heritage. Some of these include Indian people majoring in engineering, science, or math because these three fields of study are the most common. Another time of feeling humiliated when seeing an Indian professor eat typical Indian food in the dining hall. This [|article] summarizes the situation these students were in. After this movie, several others came out that similarly made the same point of how difficult it is to be cultured as an Indian and an American.======

These might look strange to a person for whom English is the first language. They should realise that many of their expressions similarly look strange to those for whom English is not their first language. Many of these idioms and popular phrases are heavily influenced by the way Indians express these ideas in their languages. //*// "pindrop silence//" literally means that such a silence should be maintained that even a pindrop can be heard.
 * //"__Your__// __good //name please?//__": "__What is your name__?", carryover from [|Hindi] expression "__Shubh-naam__", literally meaning "__auspicious name__". This is similar to the way Japanese refer to the other person's name with an honorific "__O-__" prefix, as in "__O-namaye__" instead of the simple "namaye" when referring to their own name. It is also an indication that the questioner wants to know the person's formal or legal name, as opposed to his or her nickname, which are commonly used among friends and family.
 * "That is besides the point"
 * //"Out of station//" to mean "out of town".
 * //"Join duty//" to mean "reporting to work for the first time". //"Rejoin duty//" is to come back to work after a vacation.
 * //"Deadly//", //"hi-fi//", //"sexy//" are used in idiomatic ways as adjectives. //Deadly// means intense, //"hi-fi//" stylish or beyond the perception of the average person and //"sexy//" excellent or extremely cool. Examples are //"That movie was deadly, yaar; what an action scene!", "Your shoes are hi-fi. Where'd you get them?//" and //"That's a sexy car, man!"//
 * //"//Hello, What do you want?//": used by some when answering a phone call, not perceived as impolite by most Indians//
 * //"//Tell me//": used when answering the phone, meaning "How can I help you?"//
 * //"//send it across//" instead of "send it over", as in "send the bill across to me" instead of "send the bill over to me".//
 * //"//order for food//" instead of "order food", as in "Let's order for sandwiches".//
 * //"//What a //nonsense/////silly// you are!//" or "//Don't be doing such nonsense anymore.//": occasional - idiomatic use of nonsense/silly as nouns (although this is not uncommon in British English).//
 * "//back//" replacing "//ago//" when talking about elapsed time, as in "//I met him five years back//" rather than "//I met him five years ago//." (Though this too is not uncommon in British English)
 * "//freak out//" is meant to have fun, as in "//let's go to the party and freak out//."
 * "//pass out//" is meant to graduate, as in "//I passed out of the university in 1995//."
 * "//go for a toss//" is meant to go haywire or to flop, as in "//my plans went for a toss when it started raining heavily//."
 * "funny" is meant to replace not only "odd"/"strange" but "rude"/"precocious"/"impolite" as well. "That man was acting really funny with me, so I gave him a piece of my mind"
 * "//on the anvil''" is used often in the Indian press to mean something is about to appear or happen. For example, a headline might read "New roads on the anvil".