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 * ====**Capital**==== || ====Edinburgh==== ||
 * ====**Largest City**==== || ====Glasgow==== ||
 * ====**Official Language(s)**==== || ====English, Gaelic, Scots==== ||
 * ====**Government**==== || ====Constitutional monarchy==== ||
 * ====**Queen (of the UK)**==== || ====Queen Elizabeth II==== ||
 * ====**Prime Minister (of the UK)**==== || ====Gordon Brown MP==== ||
 * ====**First Minister of Scotland**==== || ====Alex Salmond MSP==== ||
 * ====**Area**==== || ====78,772 km² (30,414 sq mi)==== ||
 * ====**Population**==== || ====5,062,011==== ||
 * ====**Population Density**==== || ====64/km² (167.5/sq mi)==== ||
 * ====**GDP (PPP) Per capita**==== || ====£16,200==== ||
 * ====**Currency**==== || ====Pound sterling (GBP)==== ||

Map of Scotland =



[|Edinburgh], the capital of Scotland, is one of the largest financial centers of Europe. Glasgow is the country's second largest and also one of the largest industrial cities in the world. The Scottish economy is dominated by heavy industries, such as steel making, shipbuilding and coal mining. **Geography**

media type="youtube" key="bXLzMZ_ABU0" height="507" width="624" align="center"

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXLzMZ_ABU0&feature=player_embedded

**

== The four main areas of Scotland are: || 1. The Southern Uplands (The Borders) - mainly hill country, much rough moorland. Sheep grazing, textile industry. || || 2. The Central Lowlands - fertile farmland, grain crops; coal deposits; main centres of population. Heavy industries, now replaced by electronics. || || 3. The Highlands - mountains, forests, lochs and rivers; now sparsely populated. Cattle-rearing; tourism. || || 4. The Islands - from south-west to far north, large and small. Fishing, small farming. || ==

=
Until about 250 years ago, it was easier to sail round the Highlands than travel through them, and as easy to sail to Ireland or Norway as to walk or ride to England. ====== = **Scottish language. ** =

1. Gaelic - a Celtic language closely related to Irish Gaelic, from which it developed. Indeed, up to the seventeenth century the Gaelic part of Scotland was essentially part of the same culture and language area as Ireland. At its peak around the ninth century Gaelic was the language of most of mainland Scotland and the Western Isles, and well into last century was still spoken throughout the Highlands, but has now shrunk to about 80,000 native speakers, the largest group living in Glasgow (there are still some Gaelic speakers in eastern Canada). There has been a revival of interest recently, with more teaching and learning Gaelic, and more government funding for Gaelic television. 2. Scots - a development of a northern form of Old English which by the fifteenth century had become a distinct language, used by the court and throughout the Lowlands and southern Scotland. Though it remains the common speech of many Scots, from the sixteenth century onwards it began to be replaced by English in government, religion, education and literature. In the eighteenth century, however, its use in verse was revived (by Ramsay, Fergusson and Burns), and again in the 1920s (by Hugh MacDiarmid), and recently the literary use of urban Scots has become significant (Leonard, Kelman, Welsh). The main differences from English are in phonology and lexis, e.g.:
 * Old English || Scots || Modern English ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">sutere || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">souter || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">shoemaker ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">hus || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">hoose || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">house ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">niht || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">nicht || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">night ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">stan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">stane || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">stone ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cunnan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ken || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">know ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">circe || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">kirk || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">church ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bearn || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bairn || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">child ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">lug || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ear ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">gowan || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">daisy ||

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** Numerals **
For more emphasis, use//ae//(or//yae//in the South)://Tomaties is the ae thing Ah winnae eat.// //ane, een, yin wan// //twa, twae// //three// //fower// //five// //sax// //seeven// //aucht, echt, acht// //nine// //ten// //eleeven// //twal//
 * || //ane// ||
 * two || //twa// ||
 * three || //thrie// ||
 * four || //fower// ||
 * five || //five// ||
 * six || //six// ||
 * seven || //sevin// ||
 * eight || //ocht// ||
 * nine || //nyne// ||
 * ten || //ten// ||

=<span style="background-color: #f50ac9; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Scottish people. =

<span style="color: #131417; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;"> The inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands were originally of Celtic descent, and a small number of them still speak Gaelic, an ancient Celtic language which is now being encouraged once again in schools. In the southern part of the nation, the people are descended from ancient Scots with liberal inputs by Nordic influences and a bit of Anglo-Saxon.The Scots have been stereotyped as being thrifty, cautious, and careful of detail. They are far from being all alike, however. Scotland is a country in which individualism flourishes. This rich mix explains, in part, why Scots have been responsible for more of the significant discoveries and inventions we take for granted in today's world than any other nationality.Most church-going Scots belong to the national Church of Scotland, which is Presbyterian. The congregation of each kirk (church) chooses its own minister after a trial sermon, and every member of the church has some share in governing it. In general, sermon and prayer occupy a larger place in the church service than ritual and music. The Roman Catholic church has many members, especially in the Greater Glasgow area where there are many people descended from Irish immigrants. The Episcopal church of Scotland resembles the Church of England but is an independent body.

= **<span style="background-color: #f50ac9; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Scottish food. ** = Oats, barley and dairy products are considered as pillars of the rural and urban diets of Scotland. Scottish people are fond of good food; while the women are known for their cooking and baking skills. Usually Scottish people grow their own vegetables and prepare a wide variety of soups and stews; while, porridge is their staple breakfast. The Scots love to drink tea.

A list of a few traditional Scottish recipes would include the Black Bun (traditional Scottish cake served at New Year), Scotch Pie (double-crust meat pie), shortbread oatcakes and smoked salmon. Haggis made from sheep's pluck, is another traditional delicacy of Scotland.

Scotland is renowned all over the world for its famous cheese, shellfish (lobsters and oysters), dairy products, Aberdeen-Angus, a breed of beef cattle known for its rich and tasty meat, and [|Scotch whisky]. The latter is famous all over the world and brings huge income to Scotland. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/scottish-people-food-and-culture.html =<span style="background-color: #f50ac9; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Stereotype. =

http://www.google.co.th/images?hl=th&q=Scottish%20stereotype&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1280&bih=813 = Background =

Scottish settlement of Canada
Scottish people have a long history in Canada, dating back several centuries. Many towns, rivers and mountains have been named in honour of Scottish explorers and traders such as Mackenzie Bay and Calgary is named after a Scottish beach. Most notably, the [|Atlantic] province of [|Nova Scotia] is [|Latin] for New Scotland. 1 Scots formed the vanguard of the movement of Europeans across the continent. In more modern times, emigrants from Scotland have played a leading role in the social, political and economic history of Canada, being prominent in [|banking], [|labour unions] , and [|politics] .<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the [|Saga of Eric the Red] and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of [|Newfoundland]. The Viking prince [|Thorfinn Karlsefni] took two Scottish slaves to Vinland.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] When the [|longships] moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow. After the Scots survived a day of without being attacked, by either human or animal, the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore. The expedition was abandoned three years later; the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later.

= Scottish Dictionary = http://www.whoohoo.co.uk/scottish-translator.asp http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/speaking-scots

Vowels
A table of vowels with pronunciations in the[|IPA]||~ Spelling ||~ Pronunciation ||~ English equivalents ||~ As in ||
 * a, á || [a],[a] || cat || bata, ás ||
 * à || [aː] || father/calm || bàta ||
 * e || [ɛ],[e] || get || le, teth ||
 * è, é || [ɛː],[eː] || wary, late/lady || gnè, dé ||
 * i || [i],[iː] || tin, sweet || sin, ith ||
 * ì || [iː] || evil, machine || mìn ||
 * o || [ɔ],[o] || top || poca, bog ||
 * ò, ó || [ɔː],[oː] || jaw, boat/go || pòcaid, mór ||
 * u || [u] || brute || Tur ||
 * ù || [uː] || brewed || tùr ||

Consonants
Like the closely related languages,[|Modern Irish]and[|Manx], Scottish Gaelic contains what are traditionally referred to as "broad" and "slender" consonants. Historically,[|Primitive Irish]consonants preceding the front vowels/e/and/i/developed a[j]-like coarticulation similar to the[|palatalised]consonants found in[|Russian][|[2]][|[3]]while the consonants preceding the non-front vowels/a/,/o/and/u/developed a[|velar coarticulation]. While Irish distinguishes "broad" (i.e. phonologically velar or velarized consonants) and "slender" (i.e. phonologically palatal or palatalized consonants), in Scottish Gaelic velarization is only present for/n̪ˠ lˠ̪ rˠ/. This means that consonants marked "broad" by the orthography are, for the most part simply unmarked, while "slender" consonants are palatal or palatalized. The main exception to this are the labials (/p pʰ m f v/, which have lost their palatalized forms. The only trace of their original palatalisation is a glide found before or after[|back vowels], e.g.beul/pialˠ̪/('mouth') vsbeò/pjɔː/('alive'). Celtic linguists traditionally transcribe slender consonants with an apostrophe following the consonant (e.g. m′) and leave broad consonants unmarked. Consonants of Scottish Gaelic||~ [|Labial] ||||||~ [|Coronal] ||||~ [|Dorsal] ||~ [|Glottal] || In the modern languages, there is sometimes a stronger contrast from Old Gaelic in the assumed meaning of "broad" and "slender". In the modern languages, the phonetic difference between "broad" and "slender" consonants can be more complex than mere "velarisation"/"palatalisation". For instance, the Gaelic "slender s" is so palatalized that it has become[|postalveolar][ʃ]. Certain consonants (in particular the [|fricatives][h x ç ɣ ʝ v] and the lenis coronals [l n ɾ ɾʲ]) are rare in initial position except as a result of lenition.
 * ||~ [|Dental] ||~ [|Alveolar] ||||~ [|Palatal] ||~ [|Velar] ||  ||
 * ~ [|Stop] || pʰ p || t̪ʰ t̪ || tʲʰ tʲ || kʲʰ kʲ || kʰ k ||
 * ~ [|Fricative] || f v || s̪ || ʃ || ç ʝ || x ɣ || h ||
 * ~ [|Nasal] || m || n̪ˠ || n || ɲ ||
 * ~ [|Approximant] || lˠ̪ || l || ʎ || j ||
 * ~ [|Tap] || ɾ ɾʲ ||
 * ~ [|Trill] || rˠ ||

Lenition and spelling
The[|lenited]consonants have special pronunciations. Lenition changes[|[8]]||||||~ Radical ||||||~ Lenited ||
 * ~ Broad ||~ Slender ||||~ Orthography ||~ Broad ||~ Slender ||
 * [p] || [pj][|[9]] || b || bh || [v] || [vj][|[9]] ||
 * [kʰ] || [kʲʰ] || c || ch || [x] || [ç] ||
 * [t̪] || [tʲ] || d || dh || [ɣ] || [ʝ] ||
 * [f] || [fj][|[9]] || f || fh |||| silent ||
 * [k] || [kʲ] || g || gh || [ɣ] || [ʝ] ||
 * [l̪ˠ] || [ʎ] |||| l[|[10]] || [l̪ˠ] || [l] ||
 * [m] || [mj][|[9]] || m || mh || [v] || [vj] ||
 * [n̪ˠ] || [ɲ] |||| n[|[10]] || [n] || [ɲ] ||
 * [pʰ] || [pʰj][|[9]] || p || ph || [f] || [fj][|[9]] ||
 * [rˠ] |||| r[|[10]] |||| [ɾ] ||
 * [s̪] || [ʃ] || s || sh || [h] || [hj][|[9]] ||
 * [t̪ʰ] || [tʲʰ] || t || th || [h] || [hj][|[9]] ||

=<span style="background-color: #ff00ff; background-image: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; color: #000000; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Scottish Gaelic grammar =

Personal pronouns
//Ah//is used for 1st person sing.;//ye//for 2nd person in unstressed positions;//you//for emphasis;//youse//plural. In the oblique case we have: Sometimes us is used as a singular as in//Gie’s a piece!//(Give me a sandwich!) In Shetland,//du//(subject) and//dee//(object) are used familiarly; in Orkney,//thoo//(subject) and//thee//(object) are used familiarly
 * **sing.** || **pl.** ||
 * **1** || Ah//or//I || we ||
 * **2** || ye, you || ye, you, youse ||
 * **3** || he, she, it || they ||
 * **sing.** || **pl.** ||
 * **1** || me || us ||
 * **2** || ye, you || ye, you, youse ||
 * **3** || him, her, it || them ||

Possessives
Possessives are used in Scots where they would not be used in English://Whit're ye gettin for yer Christmas?//(in English, 'What are you getting for Christmas?');//Ah'm awa tae ma bed//;//Ah'm gaun ma holidays the morn.// Where not used as a determiner, the possessive pronouns are more regular than in English://That buik is mines//;//yours, his hers, its, oors//or//wirs//,//yers//or//yours//,//thirs//or//theirs//.
 * **sing.** || **pl.** ||
 * **1** || ma || oor//or//wir ||
 * **2** || yer, your || yer, your ||
 * **3** || his, her, its || thir, their ||

Plural Subject
A particular feature of many Scots dialects is that plural subjects can have the same verb ending as singular subjects, except when a pronoun is next to the verb, eg//Ma feet's gey sair//, but//They're gey sair//.

Present Participle and Verbal Noun
Present participles and verbal nouns normally end in//-in//, eg//lowpin//,//fleein//. The//-ing//form is also used, especially in legal terms, eg//sequestrating//. In the present participle of verbs that end with//-ie-//, eg//coorie//and//cairrie//, the//-ie-//changes to//-y-//://Ah like cooryin unner the bed-claes//. The present participle of//gae//is either//gaun//or//gaein//. But//gaunae//(=going to) is often used informally to mean 'gaun tae' do something://Ah'm gaun up the stair//;//Yer tea's gaunae get cauld//. In Older Scots the present participial ending was//-and//, that of the verbal noun//-ing//. In some parts of Scotland, the ending//-an//is still used for present participles but not for verbal nouns://Ah'm scrievan a letter//but//Ah canna read it, the scrievin's that bad.//

Past tense and Past participle
Past tenses and past participles end with//-it//or//-t//, eg//leukit//,//gaithert//. Sometimes the ending//-ed//or//-d//, is used, eg//leuked//,//gaithered//. For verbs ending with//-le//, eg//ettle//,//fankle//,//pauchle//, the past tense and participle often ends with//-elt//://Yon cassette tape's no workin - the tape's aw fankelt//. Some verbs ending with//-ll//, eg//tell//and//dwall//, drop one of the 'l's to become//-elt//://Ah telt ye//. The parts of strong and irregular verbs are given in all the dictionaries, eg//tint//(from tyne),//grat//,//grutten//(from greet). Some irregular English verbs, like//keep//and//tell//, are regular in Scots://Ah telt ye//(English 'told');//Ah've keepit a seat for ye//(English 'kept'). Past (rather than present) participles are used after verbs like //need// and //want//, eg //Thae tyres need checked//; //Yon press wants sortit//.

= Scottish accent: = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMnKPnPhhYw&playnext=1&list=PLC164C95AB11B1185

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Transcript:
Hello, I'm Gareth Jameson. I'm an actor and a voice coach from www.londonvoicelessons. com. here are some tips for working on your voice. Now the key to any accent is to isolate the sounds that are specific to that accent. So, when I'm talking about a Scottish accent, I'm going to talk about a very generalized Scottish version of the English language, sometimes called Scottish English. There are of course many different accents depending on whether you're in Glasgow, Edinborough, or Aberdeen. This one is probably what we call a general Scottish accent. Now, the first thing you need to work on is your "R" sound. So, for most Scots speakers, they don't actually use "rrrr" that we associate. It'd be very rare to hear "murder" with big long R's. It's much more common to roll the R just one roll, called a tapped R. Bright red, so I say bright red like that. Or saying words like butter or bird. Notice that it's tapped, so it's not "birrrd" or not bird, bird. Also, if you get an L after the letter R, sometimes you'll have an extra syllable on the word so that girl becomes "girl, girl" and world becomes "world". The loveliest "girl" in the "world". Our next feature is the vowels in bath and laugh are the same as in the vowels in trap and man. So, quite often they are different for other accents, but in this accent they are the same. Bath, laugh, trap, and man. There are little difference: Bath, laugh, trap, and man. Also, the "oo" and "u" vowels are the same. In the UK at the moment, there is a T. V. commercial with the tag line: "Good with food". The narrator on the commercial is Scottish, so we hear "Good with food". They rhyme in his accent, and that's the same for the "oo" and "u" sounds. So, that hook and pool are "hook" and "pool". There is no difference between the pull of a rope and the swimming pool. Pool. pool and pull are the same. Pull. Finally, listen to this phrase which will show you a few more features. It's not a problem if you haven't gotten any. It's not a problem if you haven't gotten any. Now, this is more to do with dialect than accent and in fact, while you're researching your accent, it is important to look up any dialect words, any words that are different in that accent than they are for other people. For example, rather of saying not, in Scots speak I might say "Not". It's not a problem. And rather than haven't, "have any". "It's not a problem if you have any gotten any.".

= Vedio Scottish song : =

media type="youtube" key="Ob2Brepldfw" height="390" width="480" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob2Brepldfw

media type="youtube" key="biaQl3GhfpA" height="390" width="480" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biaQl3GhfpA&playnext=1&list=PL30E499B95A03C06D

media type="youtube" key="RPaJhlIIYjM" height="390" width="480" O flower of Scotland When will we see Your like again That fought and died for Your wee bit hill and glen And stood against him Proud Edward's army And sent him homeward Tae think again 2. The hills are bare now And autumn leaves lie thick and still O'er land that is lost now Which those so dearly held And stood against him Proud Edward's army And sent him homeward Tae think again 3. Those days are passed now And in the past they must remain But we can still rise now And be the nation again And stood against him Proud Edward's army And sent him homeward Tae think again

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPaJhlIIYjM&feature=related

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